调查简述 Overview
自2014年起，MTP启动了对内蒙古地区人工造林地的生态多样性监测。2019年完成了MTP项目在内蒙古的全部人工林类型的基线调查。2025年7月，项目组进一步组织8名志愿者，对6块代表性林地、共计35个样方进行了详细植被调查。共统计沙地植物49种，14,816株。
Since 2014, MTP has launched an ecological diversity monitoring program for afforested areas in Inner Mongolia. In 2019, the baseline survey of all forest types under the MTP program in Inner Mongolia was completed. In July 2025, the project team organized eight volunteers to conduct a detailed vegetation survey on six representative forest areas, with a total of 35 sample plots. A total of 49 species and 14,816 individual natural flora on sandy land were recorded.
调查规则 Investigation Strategies
1、林地选择 Forest Site Selection
根据MTP在内蒙古科尔沁沙地人工造林的类型，我们将需要进行生态调查的人工林类型进行分类评估，基本确定了人工抚育水平差异和造林选择差异结合的六种组合。具体如下表：
Based on the types of planted forests by MTP in the Horqin sandy land of Inner Mongolia, we classified them into six categories and evaluated accordingly. The classification was made by considering the different levels of maintenance work and the tree species planted on each site. Details in the chart below.
表1：生态调查选取的分类标准
Table 1: Classification criteria for ecological survey
以上5块林地的造林模式，基本涵盖了科尔沁地区人工造林的大多数模式，由于夏季处于主要降雨期，其中人工林+灌木组合的林地未能在2025年度完成测量。
The afforestation models of the above five forest sites basically cover most of all the afforestation models in the Horqin region. Since the main rainy season is in summer, the measurement of another model could not be completed in 2025, which was the forest planted with a mix of trees and shrubs.
2、调查方法 Investigation methods
调查方法上采用了传统和现代技术结合的办法。
In the investigation methods, a combination of traditional and modern technologies was adopted.
对地表植被的辨认和统计，依旧采用传统的1*1m小样方的调查方法。在每个林地内布置4-6个样方，大部分为长期观测的固定点位。此次调查共布设35个样方。
The investigation of vegetation still adopt the traditional method applying a 1*1m small sample size with 4 or 6 sample sites in each forest site, and most of them were fixed sites for long - term following up. A total of 35 sample sites were set up in this survey.
图1.在样方里辨认和统计植物
Figure 1. Identify and count plants in the site.
对覆盖度等大尺度数据，主要采用无人机航拍，在专业软件中对航拍照片进行像素分析统计的方法。此次共拍摄覆盖度照片128张。
For large-scale data such as vegetation coverage, the aerial photography is used, and pixel analysis running in professional software is carried out on the aerial photographs. A total of 128 coverage photos were taken this time.
图2.在ImageJ中分离出植被的像素并进行计算
Figure 2. Separate the pixels of vegetation in ImageJ and perform calculations.
生态多样性 Ecological Diversity
1、植被群落 Vegetation communities
对五块林地的统计植被进行了数量对比如下：
The quantitative comparison of the vegetation in five forest areas is as follows:
图3.五块林地的植被数量对比
Figure 3. Comparison of vegetation quantities in five forest areas.
分析 Analysis：
a) 立地条件与植被数量的相关性
立地条件较优的3块林地植被数量显著较多；而立地条件最差（大面积裸沙）的2018-1地块，以及人为干扰剧烈的2014-2地块，植被数量均显著偏低，直接反映立地质量与干扰强度对植被发育的关键影响。
Correlation between site conditions and vegetation quantity:
The vegetation quantity in the three forest plots with better site conditions is significantly higher. In contrast, in Plot 2018 - 1 with the poorest site conditions (large - area bare sand) and Plot 2014 - 2 with severe human interference, the vegetation quantity is significantly lower, which directly reflects the key influence of site quality and interference intensity on vegetation development.
b) 优势物种演替与生态恢复模式
糙隐子草、羊草、冰草等多年生草本植物占比提升并逐渐成为优势物种，表明2016-1、2017-1、2013-1三块林地正逐步形成“人工林+多年生草本群落”的复合生态模式，推动林地从流动风沙土向固定风沙土转变，生态恢复水平显著提升。
Succession of dominant species and ecological restoration model：
The increasing proportion of perennial herbaceous plants such as Cleistogenes squarrosa, Leymus chinensis, and Agropyron cristatum and the fact that they’re gradually becoming the dominant species indicate that the three forest sites, 2016-1, 2017-1, and 2013-1, are turning into a composite ecological model of "planted forest + perennial herbaceous community". This promotes the transformation of the forest site from shifting aeolian sandy soil to fixed aeolian sandy soil, and the level of ecological restoration has been significantly improved.
c) 演替阶段与人为干扰的影响
少花蒺藜草、狗尾草（一年生草本）及差巴嘎蒿（多年生半灌木）构成的群落，在半流动沙地中较为典型。其中差巴嘎蒿成为优势种群，指示林地处于半流动-半固定的过渡演替阶段：对流动沙丘类型的2018-1地块而言，属于显著的正向演替；但人为强干扰（如过度放牧）则对林地生态恢复存在显著抑制作用。
Effects of succession stages and human interference：
The community composed of Cenchrus sparsiflorus, Setaria viridis (annual herb), and Artemisia halodendron (perennial semi - shrub) is relatively typical in semi - shifting sandy lands. Among them, Artemisia halodendron becomes the dominant species, indicating that the forest site is in the transitional succession stage from semi - shifting to semi - fixed for: the 2018 - 1 plot of the shiting dune type, it belongs to a significant positive succession; however, strong human interference (such as overgrazing) has a significant inhibitory effect on the ecological restoration of the forest site.
表2：2025年度五块林地的多样性指数
Table 2: Diversity indicators of five forest sites in 2025
指标介绍 Indicator introduction：
D1为Shannon-Wiener指数，用于描述物种多样性的重要指标，物种种类越多，物种间个体分布越均匀，数值就越高。
D1 is the Shannon - Wiener index, an important index used to describe species diversity. The more species there are and the more evenly the individuals are distributed among species, the higher the value will be.
D2为Simpson指数，通过计算随机两个个体属于同一物种的概率反映群落的多样性水平的定量指标，数值介于0-1之间，数值越小说明多样性越高。
D2 is the Simpson index, a quantitative indicator that reflects the diversity level of a community by calculating the probability that two randomly selected individuals belong to the same species. The value ranges between 0 and 1, and the smaller the value, the higher the diversity.
E为均匀度，用于描述群落中物种丰度的分布情况。数值越高，说明物种分布越均匀。
E is the evenness, used to describe the distribution of species abundance in the community. The higher the value, the more evenly the species are distributed.
分析 Analysis：
a) 2017-1林地的生态多样性最佳
i. 物种数量最多且丰富度最大
ii. 优势度低且均匀度中等，说明群落结构稳定，无明显单一物种主导
The ecological diversity of the 2017-1 forest site is the best：
i. It has the largest number and greatest richness of species.
ii. The dominance is low and the evenness is moderate, indicating that the community structure is stable and there is no obvious single - species dominance.
b) 2014-2林地生态多样性最差
i. 物种数量较低且丰富度很低
ii. 优势度最高且均匀度最低，说明林地中存在强势单一物种建群，其它物种受挤压退化
In 2014-2, the forest site had the poorest ecological diversity.
i. The number of species was relatively low, and the species richness was very low.
ii. The dominance was the highest, and the evenness was the lowest, indicating that there was a dominant single - species community in the forest site, and other species’ living spaces were squeezed and degraded.
c) 樟子松人工林的多样性数据优于杨树人工林，混交林的多样性最佳
i. 2013-1和2018-1的数据趋同，物种数和丰富度正相关，但考虑到2018-1栽植时间较短，恢复情况优于2013-1
ii. 2016-1的物种数和丰富度没有出现相关关系，说明林地内多年生草本群落还未完全稳定，但恢复程度高于2013-1
The diversity of the forest planted with pines are better than those of poplars, and the diversity of mixed forests is the best.
i. The data of 2013-1 and 2018-1 share some similarities. There is a positive correlation between the number of species and richness. However, considering that the planting time of 2018-1 is shorter, its restoration is more successful than that of 2013-1.
ii. There is no correlation between the number of species and richness in 2016-1, indicating that the perennial herbaceous community in the forest site has not been fully stabilized, but the restoration is better than that of 2013-1.
2、植被结构 Vegetation structure
图4.五块林地的植被结构占比
Figure 4. Proportion of vegetation structure in five forest sites
分析 Analysis：
a) 2013-1：各植被层次占比较为丰富，树冠层（T1）和次树冠层（T2）有一定占比，草本层（H）和落叶层（O）也占据较大部分，显示出相对完整的植被结构。
2013-1: The proportion of each vegetation layer is relatively rich. The canopy layer (T1) and sub - canopy layer (T2) account for a certain proportion, and the herbaceous layer (H) and organic matter layer (O) also occupy a large part, showing a relatively complete vegetation structure.
b) 2014-2：主要为落叶层、草本层和灌木层，造林时间较久，虽然人工干扰较强，但还是会有一定比例的积累，但林地整体偏低。
2014-2: It mainly consists of the organic magtter layer, herbaceous layer, and shrub layer. The forest has been planted for a relatively long time. Although there is intensive human interference, there is still a certain proportion of accumulation, but the overall situation of the forest sites is not ideal.
c) 2016-1：樟子松的树高较杨树低矮，树冠层还未完全发育，草本层（H）和落叶层（O）占比较大。
2016-1: The tree height of pines is lower than that of poplar. The crown layer has not fully developed, and the herbaceous layer (H) and organic matter layer (O) account for a relatively large proportion.
d) 2017-1：高度与2016-1林地类似，植被结构中草本层（H）和落叶层（O）依然占比较大，树冠层（T1）和次树冠层（T2）占比不高。
2017-1: The tree height is similar to that of 2016-1 forest site. In the vegetation structure, the herbaceous layer (H) still accounts for a large proportion, while the canopy layer (T1) and the sub - canopy layer (T2) account for a small proportion.
e) 2018-1：各植被层次占比均较少，说明该林地植被植被结构的丰富度相对较低。
2018-1: The proportions of each vegetation layer are all relatively small, indicating that the richness of the vegetation structure in this forest area is relatively low.
3、覆盖度 Coverage
2025年秋季通过招募3名志愿者协助工作人员根据操作手册进行了对航拍照片的分析。
In the autumn of 2025, 3 volunteers were recruited to assist the staff in analyzing the aerial photographs by following our manual.
表3：五块林地的平均覆盖度
Table 3: Average coverage of five forest sites
图5.五块林地的覆盖度分布
Figure 5. Coverage distribution of five forested sites
分析 Analysis:
现象Phenomenon 1
2014-2、2016-1、2017-1三块林地的覆盖度与植被多样性数据呈现显著正相关。具体表现为：
There is a significant positive correlation between the coverage rate and vegetation diversity data of the three forest areas in 2014-2, 2016-1, and 2017-1. Details are as follows:
a) 多样性指数较高（如2017-1物种数35、丰富度2.33）的林地，其覆盖度同步提升；
In forest sites with a relatively high diversity index (for example, in 2017-1, the number of species is 35 and the richness is 2.33), the coverage rate increases too.
b) 多样性指数较低（如2014-2物种数15、丰富度1.66）的林地，覆盖度明显下降。
In forest sites with a relatively low diversity index (for example, in 2014-2, the number of species is 15 and the richness is 1.66), the coverage rate decreases significantly.
现象Phenomenon 2
2013-1覆盖度偏低成因 Reasons for the low coverage in 2013-1:
a) 该地块存在显著的空间异质性，林地质量分布不均导致覆盖度数据波动较大；
There is significant spatial heterogeneity in this plot. The uneven distribution of forest site’s planting quality leads to large fluctuations in the coverage.
b) 航拍采样位置的选择对覆盖度计算结果影响极大（例如：若样点落在林窗或稀疏区，将显著拉低均值）。
The selection of aerial - photography sampling locations has a great impact on the results of coverage (for example, if the sampling points fall in forest gaps or sparse areas, the average value will be significantly lower).
2018-1覆盖度偏高成因 Reasons for the high coverage in 2018-1
a) 栽植与抚育措施实施均匀，形成相对一致的林分结构，削弱了采样位置对数据的影响；
The implementation of planting and maintenance is evenly distributed, forming a relatively consistent stand structure, therefore less being compromised by the influence of sampling locations on the data.
b) 地表大量分布的差巴嘎蒿等灌木虽降低了物种多样性（物种数仅19，均匀度0.72），但其密集的冠层覆盖显著提升了地表覆盖度数值。
Although shrubs such as Artemisia halodendron is widely distributed on the surface and reduce species diversity (only 19 species with a evenness of 0.72), their dense canopy coverage significantly increases the coverage.
总结 Summary
1、混交林促进快速生态稳定 Mixed forests accelerates ecological stability.
2017-1混交林（物种数35，丰富度2.33）验证：其多层次林分结构有效加速演替进程，5-8年内可形成以多年生草本群落为优势的稳定生态系统，显著优于纯林。
The 2017-1 mixed forest (with 35 species and a richness of 2.33) proves that: Its multi-layered stand structure effectively accelerates the succession process. A stable ecosystem dominated by perennial herbaceous communities can be formed within 5 - 8 years, which is significantly better than forests planted with one tree species only.
2、人为干扰抑制演替进程 Succession progress is suppressed by human interference.
2014-2地块（优势度0.28，均匀度0.60）表明：高强度人为活动（如过度放牧、机械碾压）会压缩生态位宽度，导致先锋物种衰退与演替停滞。
2014-2 (dominance 0.28, evenness 0.60) indicates that high - intensity human activities (such as overgrazing and mechanical rolling on the ground) will compress the niche width, leading to the decline of pioneer species and the halting of succession.
3、针叶树种延长生态效益窗口期 Extend the window period of ecological benefits for coniferous tree species.
樟子松人工林因达到郁闭程度的周期长（约12-15年），林窗阶段持续更久，为林下植物提供5-7年关键侵入期，能够快速形成地区性的植被群落，对比杨树人工林更佳。当然，低密度的人工林也能达到相同的效果，这需要林地设计阶段进行考虑。
Due to the long cycle for pines to reach the canopy closure stage (about 12 - 15 years), the gap stage lasts longer. It provides a 5 to 7 years’ critical invasion period for understory plants and can quickly form a regional vegetation community, which is better than poplars. Of course, low-density forests can also achieve the same effect, and this needs to be considered in the forest site design stage.
感谢 Acknowledgement
在7月19日至26日的内蒙古生态多样性调查活动中，MTP项目有幸得到了一群热心志愿者的鼎力支持。他们不辞辛劳，全身心投入到植物辨认、物种数量记录以及标本采集等繁杂而重要的工作中。正是他们的无私奉献与辛勤付出，才让我们的团队得以顺利完成对各林地的全面调查。
During the Inner Mongolia biodiversity survey from July 19th to 26th, the MTP was fortunate to receive full - fledged support from a group of enthusiastic volunteers. They worked selflessly and dedicated themselves whole-heartedly to complicated yet important tasks such as plant identification, species quantity recording, and specimen collection. It was their dedication and hard work that enabled our team to successfully complete a comprehensive survey of each forest site.
以下是参与本次活动的志愿者名单（排名不分先后）：
The following is the list of volunteers participating in this event (in no particular order):
覃晓婷 李雨竹 熊梅青 袁方 David Rchetti L.J. Turchetti 姜雅洁 刘盈含
再次向你们表达由衷的敬意与感谢！
We sincerely thank you for your huge support once again!
